# pragma pylint: disable=missing-docstring, W0212, too-many-arguments
"""
This module contains the backtesting logic
"""
import logging
from collections import defaultdict
from copy import deepcopy
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
from pandas import DataFrame
from freqtrade.configuration import TimeRange, remove_credentials, validate_config_consistency
from freqtrade.constants import DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT
from freqtrade.data import history
from freqtrade.data.btanalysis import trade_list_to_dataframe
from freqtrade.data.converter import trim_dataframes
from freqtrade.data.dataprovider import DataProvider
from freqtrade.exceptions import DependencyException, OperationalException
from freqtrade.exchange import timeframe_to_minutes, timeframe_to_seconds
from freqtrade.mixins import LoggingMixin
from freqtrade.optimize.optimize_reports import (generate_backtest_stats, show_backtest_results,
store_backtest_stats)
from freqtrade.persistence import LocalTrade, PairLocks, Trade
from freqtrade.plugins.pairlistmanager import PairListManager
from freqtrade.plugins.protectionmanager import ProtectionManager
from freqtrade.resolvers import ExchangeResolver, StrategyResolver
from freqtrade.strategy.interface import IStrategy, SellCheckTuple, SellType
from freqtrade.strategy.strategy_wrapper import strategy_safe_wrapper
from freqtrade.wallets import Wallets
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# Indexes for backtest tuples
DATE_IDX = 0
BUY_IDX = 1
OPEN_IDX = 2
CLOSE_IDX = 3
SELL_IDX = 4
LOW_IDX = 5
HIGH_IDX = 6
class Backtesting:
"""
Backtesting class, this class contains all the logic to run a backtest
To run a backtest:
backtesting = Backtesting(config)
backtesting.start()
"""
def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
LoggingMixin.show_output = False
self.config = config
# Reset keys for backtesting
remove_credentials(self.config)
self.strategylist: List[IStrategy] = []
self.all_results: Dict[str, Dict] = {}
self.exchange = ExchangeResolver.load_exchange(self.config['exchange']['name'], self.config)
self.dataprovider = DataProvider(self.config, None)
if self.config.get('strategy_list', None):
for strat in list(self.config['strategy_list']):
stratconf = deepcopy(self.config)
stratconf['strategy'] = strat
self.strategylist.append(StrategyResolver.load_strategy(stratconf))
validate_config_consistency(stratconf)
else:
# No strategy list specified, only one strategy
self.strategylist.append(StrategyResolver.load_strategy(self.config))
validate_config_consistency(self.config)
if "timeframe" not in self.config:
raise OperationalException("Timeframe (ticker interval) needs to be set in either "
"configuration or as cli argument `--timeframe 5m`")
self.timeframe = str(self.config.get('timeframe'))
self.timeframe_min = timeframe_to_minutes(self.timeframe)
self.pairlists = PairListManager(self.exchange, self.config)
if 'VolumePairList' in self.pairlists.name_list:
raise OperationalException("VolumePairList not allowed for backtesting.")
if 'PerformanceFilter' in self.pairlists.name_list:
raise OperationalException("PerformanceFilter not allowed for backtesting.")
if len(self.strategylist) > 1 and 'PrecisionFilter' in self.pairlists.name_list:
raise OperationalException(
"PrecisionFilter not allowed for backtesting multiple strategies."
)
self.dataprovider.add_pairlisthandler(self.pairlists)
self.pairlists.refresh_pairlist()
if len(self.pairlists.whitelist) == 0:
raise OperationalException("No pair in whitelist.")
if config.get('fee', None) is not None:
self.fee = config['fee']
else:
self.fee = self.exchange.get_fee(symbol=self.pairlists.whitelist[0])
Trade.use_db = False
Trade.reset_trades()
PairLocks.timeframe = self.config['timeframe']
PairLocks.use_db = False
PairLocks.reset_locks()
self.wallets = Wallets(self.config, self.exchange, log=False)
# Get maximum required startup period
self.required_startup = max([strat.startup_candle_count for strat in self.strategylist])
def __del__(self):
LoggingMixin.show_output = True
PairLocks.use_db = True
Trade.use_db = True
def _set_strategy(self, strategy: IStrategy):
"""
Load strategy into backtesting
"""
self.strategy: IStrategy = strategy
strategy.dp = self.dataprovider
# Set stoploss_on_exchange to false for backtesting,
# since a "perfect" stoploss-sell is assumed anyway
# And the regular "stoploss" function would not apply to that case
self.strategy.order_types['stoploss_on_exchange'] = False
if self.config.get('enable_protections', False):
conf = self.config
if hasattr(strategy, 'protections'):
conf = deepcopy(conf)
conf['protections'] = strategy.protections
self.protections = ProtectionManager(conf)
def load_bt_data(self) -> Tuple[Dict[str, DataFrame], TimeRange]:
"""
Loads backtest data and returns the data combined with the timerange
as tuple.
"""
timerange = TimeRange.parse_timerange(None if self.config.get(
'timerange') is None else str(self.config.get('timerange')))
data = history.load_data(
datadir=self.config['datadir'],
pairs=self.pairlists.whitelist,
timeframe=self.timeframe,
timerange=timerange,
startup_candles=self.required_startup,
fail_without_data=True,
data_format=self.config.get('dataformat_ohlcv', 'json'),
)
min_date, max_date = history.get_timerange(data)
logger.info(f'Loading data from {min_date.strftime(DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT)} '
f'up to {max_date.strftime(DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT)} '
f'({(max_date - min_date).days} days).')
# Adjust startts forward if not enough data is available
timerange.adjust_start_if_necessary(timeframe_to_seconds(self.timeframe),
self.required_startup, min_date)
return data, timerange
def prepare_backtest(self, enable_protections):
"""
Backtesting setup method - called once for every call to "backtest()".
"""
PairLocks.use_db = False
PairLocks.timeframe = self.config['timeframe']
Trade.use_db = False
PairLocks.reset_locks()
Trade.reset_trades()
self.rejected_trades = 0
self.dataprovider.clear_cache()
def _get_ohlcv_as_lists(self, processed: Dict[str, DataFrame]) -> Dict[str, Tuple]:
"""
Helper function to convert a processed dataframes into lists for performance reasons.
Used by backtest() - so keep this optimized for performance.
"""
# Every change to this headers list must evaluate further usages of the resulting tuple
# and eventually change the constants for indexes at the top
headers = ['date', 'buy', 'open', 'close', 'sell', 'low', 'high']
data: Dict = {}
# Create dict with data
for pair, pair_data in processed.items():
if not pair_data.empty:
pair_data.loc[:, 'buy'] = 0 # cleanup if buy_signal is exist
pair_data.loc[:, 'sell'] = 0 # cleanup if sell_signal is exist
df_analyzed = self.strategy.advise_sell(
self.strategy.advise_buy(pair_data, {'pair': pair}), {'pair': pair})[headers].copy()
# To avoid using data from future, we use buy/sell signals shifted
# from the previous candle
df_analyzed.loc[:, 'buy'] = df_analyzed.loc[:, 'buy'].shift(1)
df_analyzed.loc[:, 'sell'] = df_analyzed.loc[:, 'sell'].shift(1)
df_analyzed.drop(df_analyzed.head(1).index, inplace=True)
# Convert from Pandas to list for performance reasons
# (Looping Pandas is slow.)
data[pair] = df_analyzed.values.tolist()
return data
def _get_close_rate(self, sell_row: Tuple, trade: LocalTrade, sell: SellCheckTuple,
trade_dur: int) -> float:
"""
Get close rate for backtesting result
"""
# Special handling if high or low hit STOP_LOSS or ROI
if sell.sell_type in (SellType.STOP_LOSS, SellType.TRAILING_STOP_LOSS):
if trade.stop_loss > sell_row[HIGH_IDX]:
# our stoploss was already higher than candle high,
# possibly due to a cancelled trade exit.
# sell at open price.
return sell_row[OPEN_IDX]
# Set close_rate to stoploss
return trade.stop_loss
elif sell.sell_type == (SellType.ROI):
roi_entry, roi = self.strategy.min_roi_reached_entry(trade_dur)
if roi is not None and roi_entry is not None:
if roi == -1 and roi_entry % self.timeframe_min == 0:
# When forceselling with ROI=-1, the roi time will always be equal to trade_dur.
# If that entry is a multiple of the timeframe (so on candle open)
# - we'll use open instead of close
return sell_row[OPEN_IDX]
# - (Expected abs profit + open_rate + open_fee) / (fee_close -1)
close_rate = - (trade.open_rate * roi + trade.open_rate *
(1 + trade.fee_open)) / (trade.fee_close - 1)
if (trade_dur > 0 and trade_dur == roi_entry
and roi_entry % self.timeframe_min == 0
and sell_row[OPEN_IDX] > close_rate):
# new ROI entry came into effect.
# use Open rate if open_rate > calculated sell rate
return sell_row[OPEN_IDX]
# Use the maximum between close_rate and low as we
# cannot sell outside of a candle.
# Applies when a new ROI setting comes in place and the whole candle is above that.
return min(max(close_rate, sell_row[LOW_IDX]), sell_row[HIGH_IDX])
else:
# This should not be reached...
return sell_row[OPEN_IDX]
else:
return sell_row[OPEN_IDX]
def _get_sell_trade_entry(self, trade: LocalTrade, sell_row: Tuple) -> Optional[LocalTrade]:
sell = self.strategy.should_sell(trade, sell_row[OPEN_IDX], # type: ignore
sell_row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime(), sell_row[BUY_IDX],
sell_row[SELL_IDX],
low=sell_row[LOW_IDX], high=sell_row[HIGH_IDX])
if sell.sell_flag:
trade.close_date = sell_row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime()
trade.sell_reason = sell.sell_reason
trade_dur = int((trade.close_date_utc - trade.open_date_utc).total_seconds() // 60)
closerate = self._get_close_rate(sell_row, trade, sell, trade_dur)
# Confirm trade exit:
time_in_force = self.strategy.order_time_in_force['sell']
if not strategy_safe_wrapper(self.strategy.confirm_trade_exit, default_retval=True)(
pair=trade.pair, trade=trade, order_type='limit', amount=trade.amount,
rate=closerate,
time_in_force=time_in_force,
sell_reason=sell.sell_reason,
current_time=sell_row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime()):
return None
trade.close(closerate, show_msg=False)
return trade
return None
def _enter_trade(self, pair: str, row: List) -> Optional[LocalTrade]:
try:
stake_amount = self.wallets.get_trade_stake_amount(pair, None)
except DependencyException:
return None
min_stake_amount = self.exchange.get_min_pair_stake_amount(pair, row[OPEN_IDX], -0.05)
order_type = self.strategy.order_types['buy']
time_in_force = self.strategy.order_time_in_force['sell']
# Confirm trade entry:
if not strategy_safe_wrapper(self.strategy.confirm_trade_entry, default_retval=True)(
pair=pair, order_type=order_type, amount=stake_amount, rate=row[OPEN_IDX],
time_in_force=time_in_force, current_time=row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime()):
return None
if stake_amount and (not min_stake_amount or stake_amount > min_stake_amount):
# Enter trade
trade = LocalTrade(
pair=pair,
open_rate=row[OPEN_IDX],
open_date=row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime(),
stake_amount=stake_amount,
amount=round(stake_amount / row[OPEN_IDX], 8),
fee_open=self.fee,
fee_close=self.fee,
is_open=True,
exchange='backtesting',
)
return trade
return None
def handle_left_open(self, open_trades: Dict[str, List[LocalTrade]],
data: Dict[str, List[Tuple]]) -> List[LocalTrade]:
"""
Handling of left open trades at the end of backtesting
"""
trades = []
for pair in open_trades.keys():
if len(open_trades[pair]) > 0:
for trade in open_trades[pair]:
sell_row = data[pair][-1]
trade.close_date = sell_row[DATE_IDX].to_pydatetime()
trade.sell_reason = SellType.FORCE_SELL.value
trade.close(sell_row[OPEN_IDX], show_msg=False)
LocalTrade.close_bt_trade(trade)
# Deepcopy object to have wallets update correctly
trade1 = deepcopy(trade)
trade1.is_open = True
trades.append(trade1)
return trades
def trade_slot_available(self, max_open_trades: int, open_trade_count: int) -> bool:
# Always allow trades when max_open_trades is enabled.
if max_open_trades <= 0 or open_trade_count < max_open_trades:
return True
# Rejected trade
self.rejected_trades += 1
return False
def backtest(self, processed: Dict,
start_date: datetime, end_date: datetime,
max_open_trades: int = 0, position_stacking: bool = False,
enable_protections: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""
Implement backtesting functionality
NOTE: This method is used by Hyperopt at each iteration. Please keep it optimized.
Of course try to not have ugly code. By some accessor are sometime slower than functions.
Avoid extensive logging in this method and functions it calls.
:param processed: a processed dictionary with format {pair, data}
:param start_date: backtesting timerange start datetime
:param end_date: backtesting timerange end datetime
:param max_open_trades: maximum number of concurrent trades, <= 0 means unlimited
:param position_stacking: do we allow position stacking?
:param enable_protections: Should protections be enabled?
:return: DataFrame with trades (results of backtesting)
"""
trades: List[LocalTrade] = []
self.prepare_backtest(enable_protections)
# Update dataprovider cache
for pair, dataframe in processed.items():
self.dataprovider._set_cached_df(pair, self.timeframe, dataframe)
# Use dict of lists with data for performance
# (looping lists is a lot faster than pandas DataFrames)
data: Dict = self._get_ohlcv_as_lists(processed)
# Indexes per pair, so some pairs are allowed to have a missing start.
indexes: Dict = defaultdict(int)
tmp = start_date + timedelta(minutes=self.timeframe_min)
open_trades: Dict[str, List[LocalTrade]] = defaultdict(list)
open_trade_count = 0
# Loop timerange and get candle for each pair at that point in time
while tmp <= end_date:
open_trade_count_start = open_trade_count
for i, pair in enumerate(data):
row_index = indexes[pair]
try:
row = data[pair][row_index]
except IndexError:
# missing Data for one pair at the end.
# Warnings for this are shown during data loading
continue
# Waits until the time-counter reaches the start of the data for this pair.
if row[DATE_IDX] > tmp:
continue
row_index += 1
self.dataprovider._set_dataframe_max_index(row_index)
indexes[pair] = row_index
# without positionstacking, we can only have one open trade per pair.
# max_open_trades must be respected
# don't open on the last row
if (
(position_stacking or len(open_trades[pair]) == 0)
and self.trade_slot_available(max_open_trades, open_trade_count_start)
and tmp != end_date
and row[BUY_IDX] == 1
and row[SELL_IDX] != 1
and not PairLocks.is_pair_locked(pair, row[DATE_IDX])
):
trade = self._enter_trade(pair, row)
if trade:
# TODO: hacky workaround to avoid opening > max_open_trades
# This emulates previous behaviour - not sure if this is correct
# Prevents buying if the trade-slot was freed in this candle
open_trade_count_start += 1
open_trade_count += 1
# logger.debug(f"{pair} - Emulate creation of new trade: {trade}.")
open_trades[pair].append(trade)
LocalTrade.add_bt_trade(trade)
for trade in open_trades[pair]:
# also check the buying candle for sell conditions.
trade_entry = self._get_sell_trade_entry(trade, row)
# Sell occured
if trade_entry:
# logger.debug(f"{pair} - Backtesting sell {trade}")
open_trade_count -= 1
open_trades[pair].remove(trade)
LocalTrade.close_bt_trade(trade)
trades.append(trade_entry)
if enable_protections:
self.protections.stop_per_pair(pair, row[DATE_IDX])
self.protections.global_stop(tmp)
# Move time one configured time_interval ahead.
tmp += timedelta(minutes=self.timeframe_min)
trades += self.handle_left_open(open_trades, data=data)
self.wallets.update()
results = trade_list_to_dataframe(trades)
return {
'results': results,
'config': self.strategy.config,
'locks': PairLocks.get_all_locks(),
'rejected_signals': self.rejected_trades,
'final_balance': self.wallets.get_total(self.strategy.config['stake_currency']),
}
def backtest_one_strategy(self, strat: IStrategy, data: Dict[str, Any], timerange: TimeRange):
logger.info("Running backtesting for Strategy %s", strat.get_strategy_name())
backtest_start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
self._set_strategy(strat)
strategy_safe_wrapper(self.strategy.bot_loop_start, supress_error=True)()
# Use max_open_trades in backtesting, except --disable-max-market-positions is set
if self.config.get('use_max_market_positions', True):
# Must come from strategy config, as the strategy may modify this setting.
max_open_trades = self.strategy.config['max_open_trades']
else:
logger.info(
'Ignoring max_open_trades (--disable-max-market-positions was used) ...')
max_open_trades = 0
# need to reprocess data every time to populate signals
preprocessed = self.strategy.ohlcvdata_to_dataframe(data)
# Trim startup period from analyzed dataframe
preprocessed = trim_dataframes(preprocessed, timerange, self.required_startup)
if not preprocessed:
raise OperationalException(
"No data left after adjusting for startup candles.")
min_date, max_date = history.get_timerange(preprocessed)
logger.info(f'Backtesting with data from {min_date.strftime(DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT)} '
f'up to {max_date.strftime(DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT)} '
f'({(max_date - min_date).days} days).')
# Execute backtest and store results
results = self.backtest(
processed=preprocessed,
start_date=min_date,
end_date=max_date,
max_open_trades=max_open_trades,
position_stacking=self.config.get('position_stacking', False),
enable_protections=self.config.get('enable_protections', False),
)
backtest_end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
results.update({
'backtest_start_time': int(backtest_start_time.timestamp()),
'backtest_end_time': int(backtest_end_time.timestamp()),
})
self.all_results[self.strategy.get_strategy_name()] = results
return min_date, max_date
def start(self) -> None:
"""
Run backtesting end-to-end
:return: None
"""
data: Dict[str, Any] = {}
data, timerange = self.load_bt_data()
logger.info("Dataload complete. Calculating indicators")
for strat in self.strategylist:
min_date, max_date = self.backtest_one_strategy(strat, data, timerange)
if len(self.strategylist) > 0:
stats = generate_backtest_stats(data, self.all_results,
min_date=min_date, max_date=max_date)
if self.config.get('export', False):
store_backtest_stats(self.config['exportfilename'], stats)
# Show backtest results
show_backtest_results(self.config, stats)