# Kernel modules loaded at boot by init (ARM64 / Raspberry Pi) # One module per line. Lines starting with # are ignored. # Modules are loaded in order listed — dependencies must come first. # Network device drivers (loaded early so interfaces are available) # Note: no e1000/e1000e on ARM64 — those are x86 Intel NIC drivers virtio_net # Virtio support (for QEMU VMs — block, entropy) virtio_blk virtio_rng # Raspberry Pi specific (USB Ethernet on Pi 4 is built-in, no module needed) # Pi 5 uses PCIe ethernet, also typically built-in # Filesystem — overlay (required for containerd) overlay # Netfilter dependencies (must load before conntrack) nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv6 # Netfilter / connection tracking (required for kube-proxy) nf_conntrack nf_nat nf_conntrack_netlink # nftables (modern iptables backend) nf_tables nft_compat nft_chain_nat nft_ct nft_masq nft_nat nft_redir # Netfilter xt match/target modules (used by kube-proxy iptables rules via nft_compat) xt_conntrack xt_MASQUERADE xt_mark xt_comment xt_multiport xt_nat xt_addrtype xt_connmark xt_REDIRECT xt_recent xt_statistic xt_set # nft extras (reject, fib — used by kube-proxy nf_tables rules) nft_reject nft_reject_ipv4 nft_reject_ipv6 nft_fib nft_fib_ipv4 nft_fib_ipv6 # Reject targets (used by kube-proxy iptables-restore rules) nf_reject_ipv4 nf_reject_ipv6 ipt_REJECT ip6t_REJECT # nfacct extension (kube-proxy probes for it) xt_nfacct # Networking — bridge and netfilter (required for K8s pod networking) # Load order: llc → stp → bridge → br_netfilter llc stp bridge br_netfilter veth vxlan # IPVS — useful for kube-proxy IPVS mode and CNI plugins ip_vs ip_vs_rr ip_vs_wrr ip_vs_sh