diff --git a/tests/unit/test_invitations.py b/tests/unit/test_invitations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d60d63f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_invitations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for invitation HMAC token utilities and invitation API endpoints.
+
+Tests:
+  - test_token_roundtrip: generate then validate returns same invitation_id
+  - test_token_tamper_rejected: modified signature raises ValueError
+  - test_token_expired_rejected: artificially old token raises ValueError
+  - test_invite_create: POST /api/portal/invitations creates invitation, returns 201 + token
+  - test_invite_accept_creates_user: accepting invite creates PortalUser + UserTenantRole
+  - test_invite_accept_rejects_expired: expired invitation (status != pending) raises error
+  - test_invite_resend_updates_token: resend generates new token_hash and extends expires_at
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from shared.invite_token import generate_invite_token, token_to_hash, validate_invite_token
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# HMAC token tests (unit, no DB)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_token_roundtrip() -> None:
+    """generate_invite_token then validate_invite_token returns the same invitation_id."""
+    inv_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    token = generate_invite_token(inv_id)
+    result = validate_invite_token(token)
+    assert result == inv_id
+
+
+def test_token_tamper_rejected() -> None:
+    """A token with a modified signature raises ValueError."""
+    inv_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    token = generate_invite_token(inv_id)
+
+    # Truncate and append garbage to corrupt the signature portion
+    corrupted = token[:-8] + "XXXXXXXX"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        validate_invite_token(corrupted)
+
+
+def test_token_expired_rejected() -> None:
+    """A token older than 48h raises ValueError on validation."""
+    inv_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+    # Patch time.time to simulate a token created 49 hours ago
+    past_time = 1000000  # some fixed old epoch value
+    current_time = past_time + (49 * 3600)  # 49h later
+
+    with patch("shared.invite_token.time.time", return_value=past_time):
+        token = generate_invite_token(inv_id)
+
+    with patch("shared.invite_token.time.time", return_value=current_time):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="expired"):
+            validate_invite_token(token)
+
+
+def test_token_hash_is_hex_sha256() -> None:
+    """token_to_hash returns a 64-char hex string (SHA-256)."""
+    token = generate_invite_token(str(uuid.uuid4()))
+    h = token_to_hash(token)
+    assert len(h) == 64
+    # Valid hex
+    int(h, 16)
+
+
+def test_two_tokens_different() -> None:
+    """Two tokens for the same invitation_id at different times have different hashes."""
+    inv_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+    with patch("shared.invite_token.time.time", return_value=1000000):
+        token1 = generate_invite_token(inv_id)
+
+    with patch("shared.invite_token.time.time", return_value=1000001):
+        token2 = generate_invite_token(inv_id)
+
+    assert token1 != token2
+    assert token_to_hash(token1) != token_to_hash(token2)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Invitation API tests (mock DB session)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _make_mock_session() -> AsyncMock:
+    """Create a mock AsyncSession."""
+    session = AsyncMock()
+    session.execute.return_value = MagicMock(
+        scalar_one_or_none=MagicMock(return_value=None),
+        scalars=MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=[]))),
+    )
+    return session
+
+
+def _make_mock_tenant(name: str = "Acme Corp") -> MagicMock:
+    t = MagicMock()
+    t.id = uuid.uuid4()
+    t.name = name
+    return t
+
+
+def _make_mock_invitation(
+    tenant_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    status: str = "pending",
+    expires_in_hours: float = 24,
+) -> MagicMock:
+    inv = MagicMock()
+    inv.id = uuid.uuid4()
+    inv.email = "new@example.com"
+    inv.name = "New User"
+    inv.tenant_id = tenant_id or uuid.uuid4()
+    inv.role = "customer_admin"
+    inv.invited_by = uuid.uuid4()
+    inv.token_hash = "abc123"
+    inv.status = status
+    inv.expires_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) + timedelta(hours=expires_in_hours)
+    inv.created_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+    return inv
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invite_create_returns_201_with_token() -> None:
+    """
+    POST /api/portal/invitations creates an invitation and returns 201 with raw token.
+    """
+    from shared.api.invitations import InvitationCreate, create_invitation
+
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+    from shared.api.rbac import PortalCaller
+    caller = PortalCaller(user_id=caller_id, role="customer_admin", tenant_id=tenant_id)
+
+    session = _make_mock_session()
+    mock_tenant = _make_mock_tenant()
+
+    # Mock: require_tenant_admin (membership check) returns membership
+    mock_membership = MagicMock()
+
+    # Setup execute to return tenant on first call, membership on second call
+    call_count = 0
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            # require_tenant_admin — membership check
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=mock_membership)
+        elif call_count == 2:
+            # _get_tenant_or_404
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=mock_tenant)
+        else:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+    session.flush = AsyncMock()
+
+    # Mock refresh to set created_at on the invitation object
+    async def mock_refresh(obj):
+        if not hasattr(obj, 'created_at') or obj.created_at is None:
+            obj.created_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+
+    session.refresh = AsyncMock(side_effect=mock_refresh)
+
+    body = InvitationCreate(
+        email="new@example.com",
+        name="New User",
+        role="customer_admin",
+        tenant_id=tenant_id,
+    )
+
+    with patch("shared.api.invitations._dispatch_invite_email") as mock_dispatch:
+        result = await create_invitation(body=body, caller=caller, session=session)
+
+    assert result.email == "new@example.com"
+    assert result.name == "New User"
+    assert result.token is not None
+    assert len(result.token) > 0
+    mock_dispatch.assert_called_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invite_accept_creates_user() -> None:
+    """
+    POST /api/portal/invitations/accept with valid token creates PortalUser + UserTenantRole.
+    """
+    from shared.api.invitations import InvitationAccept, accept_invitation
+
+    inv_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+    # Create a valid token
+    token = generate_invite_token(str(inv_id))
+
+    mock_inv = _make_mock_invitation(tenant_id=tenant_id, status="pending")
+    mock_inv.id = inv_id
+    mock_inv.expires_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) + timedelta(hours=24)
+
+    session = _make_mock_session()
+
+    call_count = 0
+    added_objects = []
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            # Load invitation by ID
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=mock_inv)
+        elif call_count == 2:
+            # Check existing user by email
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        else:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    def capture_add(obj):
+        added_objects.append(obj)
+
+    session.add = MagicMock(side_effect=capture_add)
+
+    async def mock_refresh(obj):
+        # Ensure the user has an id and role
+        pass
+
+    session.refresh = AsyncMock(side_effect=mock_refresh)
+
+    body = InvitationAccept(token=token, password="securepassword123")
+    result = await accept_invitation(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert result.email == mock_inv.email
+    assert result.name == mock_inv.name
+    assert result.role == mock_inv.role
+
+    # Verify user and membership were added
+    from shared.models.auth import PortalUser, UserTenantRole
+    portal_users = [o for o in added_objects if isinstance(o, PortalUser)]
+    memberships = [o for o in added_objects if isinstance(o, UserTenantRole)]
+    assert len(portal_users) == 1, f"Expected 1 PortalUser, got {len(portal_users)}"
+    assert len(memberships) == 1, f"Expected 1 UserTenantRole, got {len(memberships)}"
+
+    # Verify invitation was marked accepted
+    assert mock_inv.status == "accepted"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invite_accept_rejects_non_pending() -> None:
+    """
+    POST /api/portal/invitations/accept with already-accepted invitation returns 409.
+    """
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    from shared.api.invitations import InvitationAccept, accept_invitation
+
+    inv_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    token = generate_invite_token(str(inv_id))
+
+    mock_inv = _make_mock_invitation(status="accepted")
+    mock_inv.id = inv_id
+
+    session = _make_mock_session()
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=MagicMock(scalar_one_or_none=MagicMock(return_value=mock_inv))
+    )
+
+    body = InvitationAccept(token=token, password="password123")
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await accept_invitation(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 409
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invite_accept_rejects_expired_invitation() -> None:
+    """
+    POST /api/portal/invitations/accept with past expires_at returns 400.
+    """
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    from shared.api.invitations import InvitationAccept, accept_invitation
+
+    inv_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    token = generate_invite_token(str(inv_id))
+
+    mock_inv = _make_mock_invitation(status="pending")
+    mock_inv.id = inv_id
+    mock_inv.expires_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) - timedelta(hours=1)  # Expired
+
+    session = _make_mock_session()
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=MagicMock(scalar_one_or_none=MagicMock(return_value=mock_inv))
+    )
+
+    body = InvitationAccept(token=token, password="password123")
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await accept_invitation(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+    assert "expired" in exc_info.value.detail.lower()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invite_resend_updates_token() -> None:
+    """
+    POST /api/portal/invitations/{id}/resend generates new token_hash and extends expires_at.
+    """
+    from shared.api.invitations import resend_invitation
+    from shared.api.rbac import PortalCaller
+
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = PortalCaller(user_id=uuid.uuid4(), role="platform_admin", tenant_id=tenant_id)
+    mock_inv = _make_mock_invitation(tenant_id=tenant_id, status="pending")
+    old_token_hash = mock_inv.token_hash
+    old_expires = mock_inv.expires_at
+
+    mock_tenant = _make_mock_tenant()
+    session = _make_mock_session()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            # Load invitation
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=mock_inv)
+        elif call_count == 2:
+            # Load tenant
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=mock_tenant)
+        else:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    async def mock_refresh(obj):
+        pass
+
+    session.refresh = AsyncMock(side_effect=mock_refresh)
+
+    with patch("shared.api.invitations._dispatch_invite_email"):
+        result = await resend_invitation(
+            invitation_id=mock_inv.id,
+            caller=caller,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    # token_hash should have been updated
+    assert mock_inv.token_hash != old_token_hash
+    # expires_at should have been extended
+    assert mock_inv.expires_at > old_expires
+    # Raw token returned
+    assert result.token is not None
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_portal_auth.py b/tests/unit/test_portal_auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b680c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_portal_auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for the updated auth/verify endpoint.
+
+Tests verify that the response shape matches the new RBAC contract:
+  - Returns `role` (not `is_admin`)
+  - Returns `tenant_ids` as a list of UUID strings
+  - Returns `active_tenant_id` as the first tenant ID (or None)
+  - platform_admin returns all tenant IDs from the tenants table
+  - customer_admin returns only their UserTenantRole tenant IDs
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import bcrypt
+import pytest
+
+from shared.api.portal import AuthVerifyRequest, AuthVerifyResponse, verify_credentials
+from shared.models.auth import PortalUser, UserTenantRole
+from shared.models.tenant import Tenant
+
+
+def _make_user(role: str, email: str = "test@example.com") -> PortalUser:
+    user = MagicMock(spec=PortalUser)
+    user.id = uuid.uuid4()
+    user.email = email
+    user.name = "Test User"
+    user.role = role
+    # Real bcrypt hash for password "testpassword"
+    user.hashed_password = bcrypt.hashpw(b"testpassword", bcrypt.gensalt()).decode()
+    user.created_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+    return user
+
+
+def _make_tenant_role(user_id: uuid.UUID, tenant_id: uuid.UUID, role: str) -> UserTenantRole:
+    m = MagicMock(spec=UserTenantRole)
+    m.user_id = user_id
+    m.tenant_id = tenant_id
+    m.role = role
+    return m
+
+
+def _make_tenant(name: str = "Acme") -> Tenant:
+    t = MagicMock(spec=Tenant)
+    t.id = uuid.uuid4()
+    t.name = name
+    return t
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test_auth_verify_returns_role
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_returns_role() -> None:
+    """
+    auth/verify response contains 'role' field (not 'is_admin').
+    """
+    user = _make_user("customer_admin")
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            # User lookup
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            # UserTenantRole lookup — empty
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=[])))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert isinstance(response, AuthVerifyResponse)
+    assert response.role == "customer_admin"
+    # Ensure is_admin is NOT in the response model fields
+    assert not hasattr(response, "is_admin") or not isinstance(getattr(response, "is_admin", None), bool)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test_auth_verify_returns_tenant_ids
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_returns_tenant_ids() -> None:
+    """
+    auth/verify response contains tenant_ids as a list of UUID strings.
+    """
+    user = _make_user("customer_admin")
+    tenant_id_1 = uuid.uuid4()
+    tenant_id_2 = uuid.uuid4()
+    memberships = [
+        _make_tenant_role(user.id, tenant_id_1, "customer_admin"),
+        _make_tenant_role(user.id, tenant_id_2, "customer_admin"),
+    ]
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=memberships)))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert isinstance(response.tenant_ids, list)
+    assert len(response.tenant_ids) == 2
+    assert str(tenant_id_1) in response.tenant_ids
+    assert str(tenant_id_2) in response.tenant_ids
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test_auth_verify_returns_active_tenant
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_returns_active_tenant_first() -> None:
+    """
+    auth/verify response contains active_tenant_id as the first tenant ID.
+    """
+    user = _make_user("customer_admin")
+    tenant_id_1 = uuid.uuid4()
+    memberships = [
+        _make_tenant_role(user.id, tenant_id_1, "customer_admin"),
+    ]
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=memberships)))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert response.active_tenant_id == str(tenant_id_1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_active_tenant_none_for_no_memberships() -> None:
+    """
+    auth/verify response contains active_tenant_id=None for users with no tenant memberships.
+    """
+    user = _make_user("customer_admin")
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=[])))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert response.active_tenant_id is None
+    assert response.tenant_ids == []
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test_auth_verify_platform_admin_returns_all_tenants
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_platform_admin_returns_all_tenants() -> None:
+    """
+    platform_admin auth/verify returns all tenant IDs from the tenants table.
+    """
+    user = _make_user("platform_admin")
+    tenant_1 = _make_tenant("Acme")
+    tenant_2 = _make_tenant("Globex")
+    all_tenants = [tenant_1, tenant_2]
+
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            # User lookup
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            # All tenants query for platform_admin
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=all_tenants)))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert response.role == "platform_admin"
+    assert len(response.tenant_ids) == 2
+    assert str(tenant_1.id) in response.tenant_ids
+    assert str(tenant_2.id) in response.tenant_ids
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test_auth_verify_customer_admin_only_own_tenants
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_auth_verify_customer_admin_only_own_tenants() -> None:
+    """
+    customer_admin auth/verify returns only their UserTenantRole tenant IDs.
+    Not the full tenant list.
+    """
+    user = _make_user("customer_admin")
+    own_tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    other_tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()  # Should NOT appear in response
+
+    memberships = [_make_tenant_role(user.id, own_tenant_id, "customer_admin")]
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def execute_side_effect(stmt):
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        result = MagicMock()
+        if call_count == 1:
+            result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=user)
+        else:
+            result.scalars = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(all=MagicMock(return_value=memberships)))
+        return result
+
+    session.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
+
+    body = AuthVerifyRequest(email=user.email, password="testpassword")
+    response = await verify_credentials(body=body, session=session)
+
+    assert response.role == "customer_admin"
+    assert len(response.tenant_ids) == 1
+    assert str(own_tenant_id) in response.tenant_ids
+    assert str(other_tenant_id) not in response.tenant_ids
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_rbac_guards.py b/tests/unit/test_rbac_guards.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23ba153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_rbac_guards.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for RBAC guard FastAPI dependencies.
+
+Tests:
+  - test_platform_admin_passes: platform_admin caller passes require_platform_admin
+  - test_customer_admin_rejected: customer_admin gets 403 from require_platform_admin
+  - test_customer_operator_rejected: customer_operator gets 403 from require_platform_admin
+  - test_tenant_admin_own_tenant: customer_admin with membership passes require_tenant_admin
+  - test_tenant_admin_no_membership: customer_admin without membership gets 403
+  - test_platform_admin_bypasses_tenant_check: platform_admin passes require_tenant_admin
+    without a UserTenantRole row (no DB query for membership)
+  - test_operator_rejected_from_admin: customer_operator gets 403 from require_tenant_admin
+  - test_tenant_member_all_roles: customer_admin and customer_operator with membership pass
+  - test_tenant_member_no_membership: user with no membership gets 403
+  - test_platform_admin_bypasses_tenant_member: platform_admin passes require_tenant_member
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import uuid
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+from shared.api.rbac import (
+    PortalCaller,
+    require_platform_admin,
+    require_tenant_admin,
+    require_tenant_member,
+)
+from shared.models.auth import UserTenantRole
+
+
+def _make_caller(role: str, tenant_id: uuid.UUID | None = None) -> PortalCaller:
+    return PortalCaller(user_id=uuid.uuid4(), role=role, tenant_id=tenant_id)
+
+
+def _make_membership(user_id: uuid.UUID, tenant_id: uuid.UUID, role: str) -> UserTenantRole:
+    m = MagicMock(spec=UserTenantRole)
+    m.user_id = user_id
+    m.tenant_id = tenant_id
+    m.role = role
+    return m
+
+
+def _mock_session_with_membership(membership: UserTenantRole | None) -> AsyncMock:
+    session = AsyncMock()
+    session.execute.return_value = MagicMock(
+        scalar_one_or_none=MagicMock(return_value=membership)
+    )
+    return session
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# require_platform_admin tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_platform_admin_passes() -> None:
+    """platform_admin caller should pass require_platform_admin and return the caller."""
+    caller = _make_caller("platform_admin")
+    result = require_platform_admin(caller=caller)
+    assert result is caller
+
+
+def test_customer_admin_rejected() -> None:
+    """customer_admin should get 403 from require_platform_admin."""
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_admin")
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        require_platform_admin(caller=caller)
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 403
+
+
+def test_customer_operator_rejected() -> None:
+    """customer_operator should get 403 from require_platform_admin."""
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_operator")
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        require_platform_admin(caller=caller)
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 403
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# require_tenant_admin tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tenant_admin_own_tenant() -> None:
+    """customer_admin with UserTenantRole membership passes require_tenant_admin."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_admin")
+    membership = _make_membership(caller.user_id, tenant_id, "customer_admin")
+    session = _mock_session_with_membership(membership)
+
+    result = await require_tenant_admin(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert result is caller
+    session.execute.assert_called_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tenant_admin_no_membership() -> None:
+    """customer_admin without UserTenantRole row gets 403 from require_tenant_admin."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_admin")
+    session = _mock_session_with_membership(None)
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await require_tenant_admin(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 403
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_platform_admin_bypasses_tenant_check() -> None:
+    """platform_admin passes require_tenant_admin without any DB membership query."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("platform_admin")
+    session = AsyncMock()  # Should NOT be called
+
+    result = await require_tenant_admin(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert result is caller
+    session.execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_operator_rejected_from_admin() -> None:
+    """customer_operator always gets 403 from require_tenant_admin (cannot be admin)."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_operator")
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await require_tenant_admin(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 403
+    session.execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# require_tenant_member tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tenant_member_customer_admin() -> None:
+    """customer_admin with membership passes require_tenant_member."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_admin")
+    membership = _make_membership(caller.user_id, tenant_id, "customer_admin")
+    session = _mock_session_with_membership(membership)
+
+    result = await require_tenant_member(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert result is caller
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tenant_member_customer_operator() -> None:
+    """customer_operator with membership passes require_tenant_member."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_operator")
+    membership = _make_membership(caller.user_id, tenant_id, "customer_operator")
+    session = _mock_session_with_membership(membership)
+
+    result = await require_tenant_member(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert result is caller
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tenant_member_no_membership() -> None:
+    """User with no UserTenantRole row gets 403 from require_tenant_member."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("customer_admin")
+    session = _mock_session_with_membership(None)
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await require_tenant_member(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 403
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_platform_admin_bypasses_tenant_member() -> None:
+    """platform_admin passes require_tenant_member without DB membership check."""
+    tenant_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    caller = _make_caller("platform_admin")
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    result = await require_tenant_member(tenant_id=tenant_id, caller=caller, session=session)
+    assert result is caller
+    session.execute.assert_not_called()