diff --git a/cmd/kg/main.go b/cmd/kg/main.go
index 8f603d1..e7d827c 100644
--- a/cmd/kg/main.go
+++ b/cmd/kg/main.go
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ var (
 func Main() error {
 	backend := flag.String("backend", k8s.Backend, fmt.Sprintf("The backend for the mesh. Possible values: %s", availableBackends))
 	cleanUpIface := flag.Bool("clean-up-interface", false, "Should Kilo delete its interface when it shuts down?")
+	createIface := flag.Bool("create-interface", true, "Should kilo create an interface on startup?")
 	cni := flag.Bool("cni", true, "Should Kilo manage the node's CNI configuration?")
 	cniPath := flag.String("cni-path", mesh.DefaultCNIPath, "Path to CNI config.")
 	compatibility := flag.String("compatibility", "", fmt.Sprintf("Should Kilo run in compatibility mode? Possible values: %s", availableCompatibilities))
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ func Main() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("backend %v unknown; possible values are: %s", *backend, availableBackends)
 	}
 
-	m, err := mesh.New(b, enc, gr, *hostname, uint32(port), s, *local, *cni, *cniPath, *iface, *cleanUpIface, log.With(logger, "component", "kilo"))
+	m, err := mesh.New(b, enc, gr, *hostname, uint32(port), s, *local, *cni, *cniPath, *iface, *cleanUpIface, *createIface, log.With(logger, "component", "kilo"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create Kilo mesh: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/docs/kg.md b/docs/kg.md
index ebded00..6f83f6d 100644
--- a/docs/kg.md
+++ b/docs/kg.md
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ Usage of bin/amd64/kg:
     	Path to CNI config. (default "/etc/cni/net.d/10-kilo.conflist")
   -compatibility string
     	Should Kilo run in compatibility mode? Possible values: flannel
+  -create-interface
+    	Should kilo create an interface on startup? (default true)
   -encapsulate string
     	When should Kilo encapsulate packets within a location? Possible values: never, crosssubnet, always (default "always")
   -hostname string
diff --git a/docs/topology.md b/docs/topology.md
index d789e9e..e5eafd0 100644
--- a/docs/topology.md
+++ b/docs/topology.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Kilo will try to infer the location of the node using the [topology.kubernetes.i
 Additionally, Kilo supports using a custom topology label by setting the command line flag `--topology-label=<label>`. 
 If this label is not set, then the [kilo.squat.ai/location](./annotations.md#location) node annotation can be used.
 
-For example, in order to join nodes in Google Cloud and AWS into a single cluster, an administrator could use the following snippet could to annotate all nodes with `GCP` in the name:
+For example, in order to join nodes in Google Cloud and AWS into a single cluster, an administrator could use the following snippet to annotate all nodes with `GCP` in the name:
 
 ```shell
 for node in $(kubectl get nodes | grep -i gcp | awk '{print $1}'); do kubectl annotate node $node kilo.squat.ai/location="gcp"; done
diff --git a/docs/userspace-wireguard.md b/docs/userspace-wireguard.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bb81c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/userspace-wireguard.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Userspace WireGuard
+
+It is possible to use a userspace implementation of WireGuard with Kilo.
+This can make sense if
+
+* not all nodes in the cluster have WireGuard installed
+* no one wants to install the DKMS WireGuard package on these nodes
+
+## Homogeneous Cluster
+
+With a homogeneous cluster (no node has the WireGuard kernel module), you can run a userspace WireGuard implementation as a DaemonSet.
+This will create a WireGuard interface and Kilo will configure it.
+In order to avoid a race condition, `kg` needs to be passed the `--create-interface=false` flag. 
+
+An example configuration for a k3s cluster with [boringtun](https://github.com/cloudflare/boringtun) can be applied with 
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/squat/Kilo/master/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace.yaml
+```
+
+__Note:__ even if some nodes have the WireGuard kernel module, this will still use the userspace implementation of WireGuard.
+
+## Heterogeneous Cluster
+
+If you have a heterogeneous cluster (some nodes are missing the WireGuard kernel module) and you wish to use the kernel module, if available, you can apply this configuration to a k3s cluster:
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/squat/Kilo/master/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace-heterogeneous.yaml
+```
+
+This config will apply [nkml](https://github.com/leonnicolas/nkml) as a DaemonSet to label all nodes according to the presence of the WireGuard kernel module.
+It will apply two different DaemonSets with Kilo: `kilo` without userspace WireGuard and `kilo-userspace` with boringtun as a sidecar.
+Because Kilo is dependant on nkml, it needs to run on the host network and needs a kubeconfig to be able to update the labels.
diff --git a/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace-heterogeneous.yaml b/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace-heterogeneous.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e0c20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace-heterogeneous.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+data:
+  cni-conf.json: |
+    {
+       "cniVersion":"0.3.1",
+       "name":"kilo",
+       "plugins":[
+          {
+             "name":"kubernetes",
+             "type":"bridge",
+             "bridge":"kube-bridge",
+             "isDefaultGateway":true,
+             "forceAddress":true,
+             "mtu": 1420,
+             "ipam":{
+                "type":"host-local"
+             }
+          },
+          {
+             "type":"portmap",
+             "snat":true,
+             "capabilities":{
+                "portMappings":true
+             }
+          }
+       ]
+    }
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRole
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+rules:
+- apiGroups:
+  - ""
+  resources:
+  - nodes
+  verbs:
+  - list
+  - get
+  - patch
+  - watch
+- apiGroups:
+  - kilo.squat.ai
+  resources:
+  - peers
+  verbs:
+  - list
+  - update
+  - watch
+- apiGroups:
+  - apiextensions.k8s.io
+  resources:
+  - customresourcedefinitions
+  verbs:
+  - create
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: kilo
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: kilo
+    namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+    spec:
+      nodeSelector:
+        nkml.squat.ai/wireguard: "true"
+      serviceAccountName: kilo
+      hostNetwork: true
+      containers:
+      - name: kilo
+        image: squat/kilo
+        args:
+        - --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+        - --hostname=$(NODE_NAME)
+        - --interface=kilo0
+        env:
+        - name: NODE_NAME
+          valueFrom:
+            fieldRef:
+              fieldPath: spec.nodeName
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
+        - name: kilo-dir
+          mountPath: /var/lib/kilo
+        - name: kubeconfig
+          mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: lib-modules
+          mountPath: /lib/modules
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: xtables-lock
+          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
+          readOnly: false
+      initContainers:
+      - name: install-cni
+        image: squat/kilo
+        command:
+        - /bin/sh
+        - -c
+        - set -e -x;
+          cp /opt/cni/bin/* /host/opt/cni/bin/;
+          TMP_CONF="$CNI_CONF_NAME".tmp;
+          echo "$CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG" > $TMP_CONF;
+          rm -f /host/etc/cni/net.d/*;
+          mv $TMP_CONF /host/etc/cni/net.d/$CNI_CONF_NAME
+        env:
+        - name: CNI_CONF_NAME
+          value: 10-kilo.conflist
+        - name: CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG
+          valueFrom:
+            configMapKeyRef:
+              name: kilo
+              key: cni-conf.json
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-bin-dir
+          mountPath: /host/opt/cni/bin
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /host/etc/cni/net.d
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      - effect: NoExecute
+        operator: Exists
+      volumes:
+      - name: cni-bin-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /opt/cni/bin
+      - name: cni-conf-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /etc/cni/net.d
+      - name: kilo-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/lib/kilo
+      - name: kubeconfig
+        hostPath: 
+          # Since kilo runs as a daemonset, it is recommended that you copy the
+          # k3s.yaml kubeconfig file from the master node to all worker nodes
+          # with the same path structure.
+          path: /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml
+      - name: lib-modules
+        hostPath:
+          path: /lib/modules
+      - name: xtables-lock
+        hostPath:
+          path: /run/xtables.lock
+          type: FileOrCreate
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: kilo-userspace
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo-userspace
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo-userspace
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo-userspace
+    spec:
+      nodeSelector:
+        nkml.squat.ai/wireguard: "false"
+      serviceAccountName: kilo
+      hostNetwork: true
+      containers:
+      - name: kilo
+        image: squat/kilo 
+        args:
+        - --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+        - --hostname=$(NODE_NAME)
+        - --create-interface=false
+        - --interface=kilo0
+        env:
+        - name: NODE_NAME
+          valueFrom:
+            fieldRef:
+              fieldPath: spec.nodeName
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
+        - name: kilo-dir
+          mountPath: /var/lib/kilo
+        - name: kubeconfig
+          mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: lib-modules
+          mountPath: /lib/modules
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: xtables-lock
+          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
+          readOnly: false
+        - name: wireguard
+          mountPath: /var/run/wireguard
+          readOnly: false
+      - name: boringtun
+        image: leonnicolas/boringtun
+        args:
+        - --disable-drop-privileges=true
+        - --foreground
+        - kilo0
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: wireguard
+          mountPath: /var/run/wireguard
+          readOnly: false
+      initContainers:
+      - name: install-cni
+        image: squat/kilo
+        command:
+        - /bin/sh
+        - -c
+        - set -e -x;
+          cp /opt/cni/bin/* /host/opt/cni/bin/;
+          TMP_CONF="$CNI_CONF_NAME".tmp;
+          echo "$CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG" > $TMP_CONF;
+          rm -f /host/etc/cni/net.d/*;
+          mv $TMP_CONF /host/etc/cni/net.d/$CNI_CONF_NAME
+        env:
+        - name: CNI_CONF_NAME
+          value: 10-kilo.conflist
+        - name: CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG
+          valueFrom:
+            configMapKeyRef:
+              name: kilo
+              key: cni-conf.json
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-bin-dir
+          mountPath: /host/opt/cni/bin
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /host/etc/cni/net.d
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      - effect: NoExecute
+        operator: Exists
+      volumes:
+      - name: cni-bin-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /opt/cni/bin
+      - name: cni-conf-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /etc/cni/net.d
+      - name: kilo-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/lib/kilo
+      - name: kubeconfig
+        hostPath: 
+          # Since kilo runs as a daemonset, it is recommended that you copy the
+          # k3s.yaml kubeconfig file from the master node to all worker nodes
+          # with the same path structure.
+          path: /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml
+      - name: lib-modules
+        hostPath:
+          path: /lib/modules
+      - name: xtables-lock
+        hostPath:
+          path: /run/xtables.lock
+          type: FileOrCreate
+      - name: wireguard
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/run/wireguard
+---
+kind: DaemonSet
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+metadata: 
+  name: nkml
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: nkml
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app.kubernetes.io/name: nkml
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app.kubernetes.io/name: nkml
+    spec:
+      hostNetwork: true
+      containers:
+      - name: nkml
+        image: leonnicolas/nkml
+        args: 
+        - --hostname=$(NODE_NAME)
+        - --label-mod=wireguard
+        - --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+        env:
+        - name: NODE_NAME
+          valueFrom:
+            fieldRef:
+              fieldPath: spec.nodeName
+        ports:
+        - name: http
+          containerPort: 8080
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: kubeconfig
+          mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+          readOnly: true
+      volumes:
+      - name: kubeconfig
+        hostPath: 
+          # since the above DaemonSets are dependant on the labels
+          # and nkml would need a cni to start
+          # it needs run on the hostnetwork and use the kubeconfig
+          # to label the nodes
+          path: /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml
diff --git a/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace.yaml b/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5a45f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/manifests/kilo-k3s-userspace.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+data:
+  cni-conf.json: |
+    {
+       "cniVersion":"0.3.1",
+       "name":"kilo",
+       "plugins":[
+          {
+             "name":"kubernetes",
+             "type":"bridge",
+             "bridge":"kube-bridge",
+             "isDefaultGateway":true,
+             "forceAddress":true,
+             "mtu": 1420,
+             "ipam":{
+                "type":"host-local"
+             }
+          },
+          {
+             "type":"portmap",
+             "snat":true,
+             "capabilities":{
+                "portMappings":true
+             }
+          }
+       ]
+    }
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRole
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+rules:
+- apiGroups:
+  - ""
+  resources:
+  - nodes
+  verbs:
+  - list
+  - patch
+  - watch
+- apiGroups:
+  - kilo.squat.ai
+  resources:
+  - peers
+  verbs:
+  - list
+  - update
+  - watch
+- apiGroups:
+  - apiextensions.k8s.io
+  resources:
+  - customresourcedefinitions
+  verbs:
+  - create
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: kilo
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: kilo
+    namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: kilo
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app.kubernetes.io/name: kilo
+    spec:
+      serviceAccountName: kilo
+      hostNetwork: true
+      containers:
+      - name: kilo
+        image: squat/kilo
+        args:
+        - --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+        - --hostname=$(NODE_NAME)
+        - --create-interface=false
+        - --interface=kilo0
+        env:
+        - name: NODE_NAME
+          valueFrom:
+            fieldRef:
+              fieldPath: spec.nodeName
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
+        - name: kilo-dir
+          mountPath: /var/lib/kilo
+        - name: kubeconfig
+          mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: lib-modules
+          mountPath: /lib/modules
+          readOnly: true
+        - name: xtables-lock
+          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
+          readOnly: false
+        - name: wireguard
+          mountPath: /var/run/wireguard
+          readOnly: false
+      - name: boringtun
+        image: leonnicolas/boringtun
+        args:
+        - --disable-drop-privileges=true
+        - --foreground
+        - kilo0
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: wireguard
+          mountPath: /var/run/wireguard
+          readOnly: false
+      initContainers:
+      - name: install-cni
+        image: squat/kilo
+        command:
+        - /bin/sh
+        - -c
+        - set -e -x;
+          cp /opt/cni/bin/* /host/opt/cni/bin/;
+          TMP_CONF="$CNI_CONF_NAME".tmp;
+          echo "$CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG" > $TMP_CONF;
+          rm -f /host/etc/cni/net.d/*;
+          mv $TMP_CONF /host/etc/cni/net.d/$CNI_CONF_NAME
+        env:
+        - name: CNI_CONF_NAME
+          value: 10-kilo.conflist
+        - name: CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG
+          valueFrom:
+            configMapKeyRef:
+              name: kilo
+              key: cni-conf.json
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: cni-bin-dir
+          mountPath: /host/opt/cni/bin
+        - name: cni-conf-dir
+          mountPath: /host/etc/cni/net.d
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      - effect: NoExecute
+        operator: Exists
+      volumes:
+      - name: cni-bin-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /opt/cni/bin
+      - name: cni-conf-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /etc/cni/net.d
+      - name: kilo-dir
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/lib/kilo
+      - name: kubeconfig
+        hostPath: 
+          # Since kilo runs as a daemonset, it is recommended that you copy the
+          # k3s.yaml kubeconfig file from the master node to all worker nodes
+          # with the same path structure.
+          path: /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml
+      - name: lib-modules
+        hostPath:
+          path: /lib/modules
+      - name: xtables-lock
+        hostPath:
+          path: /run/xtables.lock
+          type: FileOrCreate
+      - name: wireguard
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/run/wireguard
diff --git a/pkg/mesh/mesh.go b/pkg/mesh/mesh.go
index e36b0bf..c3d8baa 100644
--- a/pkg/mesh/mesh.go
+++ b/pkg/mesh/mesh.go
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ type Mesh struct {
 }
 
 // New returns a new Mesh instance.
-func New(backend Backend, enc encapsulation.Encapsulator, granularity Granularity, hostname string, port uint32, subnet *net.IPNet, local, cni bool, cniPath, iface string, cleanUpIface bool, logger log.Logger) (*Mesh, error) {
+func New(backend Backend, enc encapsulation.Encapsulator, granularity Granularity, hostname string, port uint32, subnet *net.IPNet, local, cni bool, cniPath, iface string, cleanUpIface bool, createIface bool, logger log.Logger) (*Mesh, error) {
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(kiloPath, 0700); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory to store configuration: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -117,9 +117,18 @@ func New(backend Backend, enc encapsulation.Encapsulator, granularity Granularit
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to find interface for private IP: %v", err)
 	}
 	privIface := ifaces[0].Index
-	kiloIface, _, err := wireguard.New(iface)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create WireGuard interface: %v", err)
+	var kiloIface int
+	if createIface {
+		kiloIface, _, err = wireguard.New(iface)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create WireGuard interface: %v", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		link, err := netlink.LinkByName(iface)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface index: %v", err)
+		}
+		kiloIface = link.Attrs().Index
 	}
 	if enc.Strategy() != encapsulation.Never {
 		if err := enc.Init(privIface); err != nil {
diff --git a/website/docs/userspace-wireguard b/website/docs/userspace-wireguard
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6196c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/website/docs/userspace-wireguard
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+id: userspace-wireguard
+title: Userspace WireGuard
+hide_title: true
+---
diff --git a/website/sidebars.js b/website/sidebars.js
index a88a8c1..da05eb6 100644
--- a/website/sidebars.js
+++ b/website/sidebars.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module.exports = {
     {
       type: 'category',
       label: 'Guides',
-      items: ['topology', 'vpn', 'vpn-server', 'multi-cluster-services', 'network-policies'],
+      items: ['topology', 'vpn', 'vpn-server', 'multi-cluster-services', 'network-policies', 'userspace-wireguard'],
     },
     {
       type: 'category',